Concept of State - 1402 Words

Some contemporary Scholars like Quentin Skinner define the state today as a locus of power distinct from either the ruler or the body of the body of the people. (Skinner, Foundations of Modern Political Thought, II, p.355). Yet, others would argue that the potency of the word state derives from the fact that it means both ruler and people. In other words, the state is at the same time loved for its promise of order and stability for the whole community and feared for its threat of coercion by the power which does the ordering. Both schools of thought may be right for there is no universal definition of the concept. But no intellectual discussion about the concept of the state is complete without a review of the writings of St. Thomas†¦show more content†¦In a practice, hard to get a really great monarch, and even if you do its hard to find another to succeed him, so there are practical problems with monarchy. In an ideal situation, he advances the notion that a mixed const itution is best for it is a monarch, but also aristocracy (spread power around) and some democracy in that some officials should be elected by the people (Aquinas, La Monarquia, V, p.28-34) While Martin Luther reinforces Aquinas concept of how the state with a virtuous ruler is required to preserve peace, punish the unjust, and restrained the wicked in society, he evolves the concept one step further. His central argument with regard to the concept of the state centers on the idea that there is truly a division between the Church (spiritual power) and secular authority even though both were needed and both complimented each other. More important, he vehemently argues that the Church had no domination over all matters that are temporal or earthly matters. He affirms this idea when says Â…es preciso ditnguir claramente los dos regimens y conserver ambos: uno, para producer justicia, el otro, para mantener la paz externa e impeder las obras malas. Ninguno es suficiente en el mundo sin el otro. (Luther, De la Authoridad Secular: Hasta Que Punto Se Le Debe Obediencia (1523) Martin Luther did not stop here, but he goes onShow MoreRelatedThe Concept Of State Of Nature918 Words   |  4 PagesThe Concept of State of Nature A British philosopher and an egoist, Thomas Hobbes believes that humans are selfish by nature. He believes that we are all potential enemies and that we need authorities such as police, the military and courts of law to protects us from each other. He also believes that laws and morality only exist due to fear of living in a state of chaos and conflict. Hobbes describes life without any incentive to be good as â€Å"nasty, brutish and short† otherwise known as State of NatureRead MoreThe Concept Of State Of Emergency2090 Words   |  9 PagesïÆ'Ëœ CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPT OF ‘STATE OF EMERGENCY’ It is critical to start by characterizing what scholars mean by the term emergency. The idea of emergency law is focused around the reality that the general motivation behind all government truly is the benefit of the individuals. Emergency law implies that the ruler or the government in an emergency circumstance can take measures that are outside the boundary of confinement of the law or against the immediate letters of the law. Read MoreThe Modern State Concerns The Concept Of Property1471 Words   |  6 PagesA core aspect of the modern state concerns the concept of property. Whether property encompasses objects, land, or even ideas, we have laws to define the process by which we can justly gain ownership of certain things and to give us security once we hold this property, and a judicial system to punish those who don’t abide by the rules. But to what extent do we have a right to property, and how do we justly obtain it? The British philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) argues that the origins of privateRead MoreThroughout The History Of The United States, The Concept1686 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the history of the United States, the concept of marriage has changed substantially. Marriage and finding a partner is a tricky social practice in the U.S., as it brings with it the promise to share life together, finances, among many other crucial aspects of living. Today, because women and men have fairly equal opportunities to pursue their own education and careers, the concept of marriage has become challenging, causing two people who value independence so heavily to have to come togetherRead MoreThe Basic Concepts of a Liberal Democratic Theory of the State1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe Basic Concepts of a Liberal Democratic Theory of the State Liberalists believe that everybody is free and equal and has the same rights and choices as anyone else. This is best summed up in the Constitution of the U.S.A., which states all men are created equal. In a modern Liberal democracy people enter in to a contract with those who govern them for a fixed period of time. In the U.K. this is set at 5 years although the government can choose to call an electionRead MoreConcepts of State, Politics, Government, Governance and Administration2249 Words   |  9 PagesCONCEPTS OF STATE, POLITICS, GOVERNMENT, GOVERNANCE AND ADMINISTRATION I. What is Political Science? A. It’s etymological meaning POLITICS - The word Politics comes from the Greek word â€Å"polis† meaning â€Å"city-state, and was defined by Aristotle in his book â€Å"The Politics† as in every city state there is a kind of association and that man by nature is a political animal. - Politics is also the means of organizing collective human activity. - The essence of socialRead MoreThe Key Concepts Of The United States Recognition And Constitutional Independence4295 Words   |  18 Pages2.1 Key concepts De facto states: From the Greek polis to nowadays-sovereign state, the concept of state has changed and evolved during time. Today, the 1933 Montevideo Convention sets the rights and duties of state. Each sovereign state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) permanent population; (b) defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states. By contrast, a de facto state is, a secessionist entityRead MoreThe Changing Scenario Of Sbi ( State Bank Of India ) After Adopting The Concept Of Bpr Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pages INTRODUCTION Financial institutions and banks will continuously claim in order to provide the customer driven services. For this the banks and financial institutions are being adopted the unique concepts in business process reengineering i.e., the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign in the business of processes to achieve the dramatic improvements of critical, contemporary measures in performance such as the cost, quality, speed and service. At present the era of cut throat competitionRead MoreMoral Hazard And The Banking System2418 Words   |  10 Pagesand the Banking System ACCT 6377: Corporate Governance Zachary Seay The University of Texas at Dallas â€Æ' Introduction The moral hazard of bank bailouts is a very simple idea enveloped in a very complex issue. Back in late 2007 to mid-2009 the United States and the global economy faced one of the worst recessions the world has ever seen. In fact the time period has been dubbed the Great Recession. Now at a broad level this recession was caused essentially by our large banks buying and positively ratingRead MoreThe Concept Of Human Security1454 Words   |  6 Pagesof conflicts is changing, and the state is no longer the sole object to be protected. Therefore, many scholars have suggested a new concept in terms of security, which is security for human. The concept of human security has been regarded as controversial since its introduction in the world politics. However, it is undeniable that the concept has been developed in recent decades to make it a useful tool for security studies. To examine to what extent the concept of human security is a useful one

Rhetorical Appeals On The Life Of A Villain - 1798 Words

Rhetorical Appeals in the Life of a Villain â€Å"A villain is just a victim whose story hasn’t been told† (Chris Colfer). Stinky Pete of Toy Story 2, is plotted to be the â€Å"bad guy† of the film. He’s could also be classified as a sympathetic villain, which will be explained further later. Now, you may or may not have heard of the rhetorical appeals before, but little does one know, that the three rhetorical appeals are applied to the film Toy Story 2 and its villain. Let me break it down for you, long ago, there was a brilliant man named Aristotle who noticed a pattern that occurred in language to persuade people to believe a certain thing that was either being marketed, campaigned, or publicly presented. He took notice in the fact that†¦show more content†¦Woody, who wanted to go back home to Andy and his friends, was hesitant to agree to go to Japan. The Prospector then became afraid of going back into storage when he was so close to freedo m and made it his personal goal to keep Woody from leaving. Stinky Pete then became a sympathetic villain here because the actions and decisions he made were all from a fear of being alone and in a box for the rest of his life. The prospector then with all his power uses any method to try to keep Woody from returning home which leads him to use the first rhetorical appeal, ethos. Everybody naturally will respect an elderly person in their life because of the wisdom and knowledge they have gained over the years, therefore, it was no different for Woody to naturally respect Stinky Pete. The Prospector used this to his advantage and created a strong appeal to ethos. Out of all four members, Stinky Pete would have to be the most valuable since he had never been opened or taken out of his box. Proven by when Jessie tells Woody, â€Å"The Prospector! He ll wanna meet ya! Say hello to the Prospector!†, Woody then replies, â€Å"I-It s a box†, â€Å"He’s mint in the bo x, never been opened†, Jessie says (Toy Story 2). Since The Prospector had a higher value, it helped him seem credible and trustworthy to Woody; As well as to Jessie when she wasn’t sure of things or about what to do. ForShow MoreRelatedThe Elements Of Comic Books1300 Words   |  6 PagesGenres are shaped by the elements that the samples display, or by the rhetorical devices that they seem to share. Genres such as comic books tend to have many elements in common; however, more similarities can be detected when the scope of the genre is further narrowed. Most specifically, a multitude of comic books display elements of mythology. Whether it be the characters or the archetypes displayed throughout, mythology has played a large role in today’s and the past’s comic books and art basedRead MoreRhethorical Analysis Movie Shrek1709 Words   |  7 PagesSalma Segebre Ms. Krivel AP Language October 5, 2012 Shrek Rhetorical Analysis Essay People have always watched fairytales at a very young age, growing up to believe in them. Some watched them to obtain some kind illusion, for pure entertainment, and others for the sake of love. However, not every fairytale has a purpose of giving us an illusion, of entertaining us, or making us believe in love. Shrek is not a typical fairytale. Even though many people see Shrek alongRead MoreThe Yellow And A Cold Blue Color1767 Words   |  8 Pagesmask and has leather gloves on his hands. The person on the right is The Weeknd with his familiar dreadlock hair. After slamming shut his fiery cigarette lighter, the masked person gently tightens his glove. Knowing it is his last chance to save his life, The Weeknd tries to escape from the zip ties holding his hands and legs firmly onto the chair. Consequent booms of high-pitched sounds accompany the mysterious man as he stealthily walks towards The Weeknd. He harshly covers his head with a transparentRead MoreEthos And Pathos In Sherman Alexies Superman And Me1183 Words   |  5 Pagesto me when I learned to read.† Through the personal essay of â€Å"Superman and Me†, a widespread audience learns the importance of reading and the concept that one does not need to be wealthy to learn. In this personal essay by Sherman Alexie, he uses appeals such as ethos, logos, and pathos and styles such as diction and syntax to achieve the purpose and reach the audience. Ethos, or argument by character is prevalent in this essay because of Sherman Alexie’s extreme credibility. Considering this essayRead MoreAnalysis Of The Adventures Of Pinocchio By Carlo Collodi1537 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"https://quizlet.com/302172/rhetorical-terms-flash-cards/† â€Å"Three grey geese in a green field grazing, Grey were the geese and green was the grazing.† Three Grey Geese by Mother Goose 2 allusion â€Å"A reference to a well-known person, place, or thing, from literature, history, etc.† â€Å"https://quizlet.com/302172/rhetorical-terms-flash-cards/† â€Å"I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio’s.† The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi 3 anadiplosis â€Å"The rhetorical repetition of one or severalRead MoreThe Rhetorical Success Of Food Inc.1539 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rhetorical Success of Food Inc. The act of consuming food is one of the most intimate parts of the human experience. Humans eat for sustenance and pleasure, for better or for worse. The necessity of food is one of the unavoidable, unchangeable facts of life. Everyone eats; therefore no one is immune or exempt from the consequences of prioritizing cheapness and convenience over nutritional value and environmental impact. The 2008 documentary film, Food Inc., argues that in the last half centuryRead MoreKing Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"I that am not shaped for sportive tricks†¦I that am curtailed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Through the subtle use of anaphora and repetition of ‘I that am’, which is fleshed out by a definitive tone, the audience is made aware of how Richard is led ostensibly â€Å"to prove a villain† and thus, adopt a disguise. Moreover, Richard’s theatricality is stressed as he embarks as a ‘master’ of his own fate, for h e perceives himself as â€Å"subtle, false, and treacherous†. His sinister intentions are exemplified by the use of tricolon, evocativeRead MoreAnalysis Of Leo Tolstoy s The Great Anton Chekhov 1621 Words   |  7 Pagescharacters: Who is the villain of the piece, and who its hero? All the characters are equally blameless and equally wicked. Neither Kalugin with his gentleman s bravado (bravoure de gentilhomme) and personal vanity — the motive force of all his actions — not Praskukhin who, in spite of the fact that he falls in battle for Church, Tsar and Fatherland is really nothing more than a shallow, harmless individual, nor Mikhailov with his cowardice and blinkered view of life. Nor Pest — a child withRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Funeral Speeches of Brutus and Mark Antony. Which Is More Effective and Why?1015 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and contrast the funeral speeches of Brutus and Mark Antony. Which is more effective and why? When Brutus goes up to speak to the crowd he appeals to them as â€Å"Romans† before all else. As this keeps with his reason for joining the conspiracy the audience can see that he is honourable and trustworthy. The roman public may also know this because they hail him as â€Å"noble† Brutus and Brutus also asks them at the start of his speech to â€Å"Believe me for mine honour†. Brutus repeatedly uses â€Å"honour†Read MoreAssumptions About Documentaries and an Analysis of The Catfish1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthat broaden limited horizons and awaken new possibilities.† (Nichols,1) â€Å"Not all documentaries, of course, are sober-minded, stodgy affairs any more than all political speeches or all scientific reports are dull. Wit, imagination, and persuasive rhetorical skills come into play in many cases.† (Nichols,38) Imagination does exist in documentary, Nichols talked about how documentaries weren’t only just informational or polit ical speeches. An example of a documentary that involves a lot of imagination

Examples of human societies that collapsed prior to c. 1700 CE Free Essays

string(119) " study of the decline and collapse of Anasazi society, archeologists have relied heavily on a few methods of analysis\." Classic Mayan civilization was among the most advanced to ever develop in the New World prior to European contact, and at its height, Mayan cities supported populations estimated at 250 to 750 people per square mile. 1 They were the only advanced Mesoamerican civilization to have developed an extensive system of writing; they also developed their own unique calendar, and extensively studied mathematics and astronomy. The Classic period of Maya civilization is thought to have begun around 250 CE, based on scholarly interpretation of glyphs on Mayan monuments. We will write a custom essay sample on Examples of human societies that collapsed prior to c. 1700 CE or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 It is thought that the occurrence of certain repetitive glyphs within an area signify the rise of a local dynasty or kingdom. Based on the number of archeologically verified houses, the Mayan population is estimated to have exponentially increased to its peak of approximately 13 million in around 750CE3, accompanied by a similar increase in the number and size of monuments and buildings. After this point these numbers decline until around 900 CE, which is said to mark the collapse of the Classic Mayan civilization in general. Among Mayan cities of the Classic period, however, some were noted to have peaked and collapsed as early as 600 CE, while others persisted much longer, such as Chichen Itza (around 1250 CE). 4 The end of the Classic Maya period was not the end of Mayan civilization itself, because Spanish explorers such as Cortes encountered Mayan resistance as they established their presence in the area. While diseases introduced by the Spanish occupation eventually brought the survivors’ numbers down to an estimated 3,000 in 1714 CE5, the Spanish occupation itself was not a significant factor in the decline of a civilization which had already reached its zenith and collapsed centuries before. Although the Spaniards’ religious fervor drove them to destroy several of the Mayan manuscripts out of fear of paganism, the surviving written records have enabled archeologists to understand much about the Mayan writing system, and the explorers’ own documentation of the Maya have proved helpful to scholars6. Modern scientific methods have enabled us to understand a great deal about the factors that may have undermined such an advanced society and brought about its downfall. Located at latitudes of 17o to 22o north of the equator, rainfall in the land of the ancient Maya is seasonal and unpredictable, and hence in reality, the habitat of the Mayan civilization can be most accurately described as a seasonal rainforest or desert7. Rainfall varies with location, from 500 mm a year along the north coast, to 4,000 mm a year in some southern areas8. Due to the unpredictable timing and amount of rain in any given season, even modern farmers have frequently encountered difficulties in growing crops. The Maya obviously succeeded in their agricultural efforts for a long time, and cities such as Tikal even show evidence of the construction of cisterns and reservoirs to store water in times of drought9. However, considering the high population density of Classic Mayan cities at their peak, even with their successful agriculture and ability to store water reserves in times of drought, the Maya would still have been vulnerable to severe, prolonged drought – perhaps enough to send them into collapse. To find records of what the climate in the Mayan homeland was like at that time, geologists from the University of Florida gathered sediment cores from several lakes in the Yucatan area and analyzed the patterns of deposition, which indicate that the driest interval in the region in the past 7,000 years had coincided with the collapse of the Classic Maya civilization, between 800-1000 CE. A further study by Larry Peterson and Gerald Haug used x-ray fluorescence to analyze oceanic sediment cores. Titanium and iron deposits in the sediment were used as indicators of rainfall, because these elements originate predominantly from continental rocks and thus a high amount of titanium and iron deposits would reflect on a high volume of rainfall on land in that year. The results corroborated the previous study that had been made using freshwater sediments, indicating an unusually long and severe drought during the period of Classic Maya collapse10. Despite this evidence, the drought theory behind the collapse of Classic Mayan civilization remains far from providing a complete and thoroughly satisfactory explanation. It fails to account for the previously mentioned differences in the dates of collapse of cities that lay within the same region and presumably suffered from the same drought. It has been suggested that the first cities to fall to the drought were more vulnerable by virtue of location, being less proximate to natural bodies of water, such as springs and rivers. This could then lead to warfare between cities due to competition for scant resources, and since the Mayan cities never were united into a single empire, it is likely that such warfare may have greatly destabilized Mayan society. As with other cases of collapsed societies throughout history, it is likely that multiple causes, of which drought was the most significant but by no means the only one, contrived to bring about the fall of the advanced Mayan society. Another society that was founded, peaked, and collapsed close to our modern day home would be the Anasazi of Chaco Canyon. This society had collapsed well before the arrival of Columbus, but unlike the Maya, left behind no written records. What is known about the Anasazi comes from using a combination of scientific methods to analyze what remains of their society. The Native Americans who first settled the U. S. Southwest faced a problem that is still obvious today. This region has very low and unpredictable rainfall. Drought is often cited as the obvious major reason for Anasazi society’s collapse, but recent studies indicate that the Anasazi sites themselves may still have been able to sustain a population at the time of their abandonment. 11 In the study of the decline and collapse of Anasazi society, archeologists have relied heavily on a few methods of analysis. You read "Examples of human societies that collapsed prior to c. 1700 CE" in category "Papers" One lies in the field of dendrochronology and is particularly useful since the Anasazi, particularly at Chaco Canyon, made heavy use of timber for their construction. Using the thickness of individual tree rings from a particular piece of timber, dendrochronologists are able match patterns in the rings of different trees from the same region. By comparing several different trees in this manner, dendrochronologists are able to correctly associate each ring with a specific year, starting from trees in the present day and dating back for thousands of years. Dendrochronological studies thus present highly detailed information regarding the weather patterns of the U. S. Southwest and can indicate not only years of high rainfall or drought, but also the amount of rainfall and the season within a particular year during which the rain fell12. Scientists have also analyzed the contents of pack rat middens to gain insight into the local vegetation. Pack rats (Neotoma spp. ) are rodents that have lived in the area for thousands of years, and gather vegetation and other organic material from within their small territorial range, preserving it in their nests, called ‘middens’. Pack rat midden analysis has allowed scientists to determine that the initial area around Chaco Canyon was forested with pinyon and juniper trees which no longer grow today in the vicinity, and led to the conclusion that the Anasazi of Chaco Canyon had deforested their surrounding woodland for firewood to fuel their pottery making, and for construction material as Chaco became an effective political and religious center for the Anasazi society. 3 Furthermore, studies of strontium isotopes in other types of wood used at Chaco indicate that several conifer logs had actually been imported from more distant areas such as the Chuska and San Mateo mountains, presumably after Chaco itself had been deforested. 14 It is believed that this deforestation led to irreversible nutrient loss in the soil of the Chaco area, which is further strengthened by studies of food remains at archeological sites. These remains indicate that as the food supply in Chaco deteriorated, its inhabitants resorted to eating rabbits and mice, and eventually cannibalism, as evidenced by boiled human bones with smooth ends and human muscle protein found in preserved dried human feces. 15 It is probable that cannibalism came with social unrest, possibly a revolt by the providers of Chaco Canyon against the elite, and that together with these factors, a drought (dated by tree rings to around 1130 CE) pushed Anasazi society at Chaco past its limits. Numbering at possibly 5,000 or more at their peak, the Chaco Anasazi had already exhausted and deforested their environment, and likely fought amongst themselves for the remaining resources. The final example I choose to discuss is the collapse of the Norse settlement of Greenland. Greenland is a harsh and fragile environment, but at the time of the Norse occupation around 980 CE, it was experiencing a relatively warm period that lasted from 800 – 1300 CE, ending with the start of the Little Ice Age. Information about Greenland’s climate is derived from palynological studies, wherein scientists analyze pollen found in mud deposits extracted from the bottom of lakes and bogs, and ice core studies. Pollen studies reveal what sort of plants were growing in the area, and can reveal subtle shifts in climate when pollen from cold-tolerant species is prevalent. Similar to dendrochronology, ice core studies reveal the amount of snowfall within a year, and by using a mass spectrometer it is possible to analyze the content of oxygen isotopes within a layer of snow, with the ratios of these isotopes indicating the average climate during that year. Ice cores can also reveal how stormy the year was in which the snow fell by analyzing concentrations of sodium and calcium ions, which are brought inland by sea spray. 16 By 1000 CE the Norse had settled Greenland in two different areas with a total population of around 5,000. They relied on hay farming to feed their livestock, which consisted of goats, sheep, and cows, but due to the length and severity of their winters, they were forced to estimate how many animals they could support with their stockpiled hay, and slaughter the remainder. If the winter lasted longer than expected, the consequences could obviously lead to the starvation and death of the few remaining livestock. Their pastoral lifestyle, use of turf for buildings, and need for firewood demanded the clearing of native vegetation, and livestock trampling hampered the regeneration of trees. Palynological studies support the conclusion that the Norse had deforested the environment and caused soil erosion, with the decline of pollen from willow and birch trees as well as the presence of topsoil at the bottom of lakes indicating the loss of plant cover and soil. The loss of abundant lumber resulted in the halting of construction involving wood, and the lack of firewood limited the Norse in their efforts to pasteurize dairy products and extract iron for their implements. Unlike the Norse, the Inuit who settled Greenland in about 1200 CE managed to exploit the resources of the sea with their kayaks, hunting plentiful fish (which the Norse oddly refused to eat, as evidenced by the complete lack of fish remains in garbage) and whales, whose blubber could be used for fuel and warmth. Possible hostile contact between the Norse and Inuit may also have led to the decline of Norse society on Greenland, because it prevented the Norse from peacefully interacting with their neighbors and learning from them how to adapt to the extreme conditions. Another factor that weakened the Norse settlement was the increasing difficulty of transportation, and hence trade and communication, across the sea with mainland Norway, as the cold weather brought by the Little Ice Age set in and ice began to make seafaring dangerous. 17 Summarized concisely in the words of Jared Diamond, the Norse settlement of Greenland collapsed due to â€Å"environmental damage, climate change, loss of friendly contacts with Norway, rise of hostile contacts with the Inuit, and the political, economic, social, and cultural setting of the Greenland Norse. †18 How to cite Examples of human societies that collapsed prior to c. 1700 CE, Papers

Importance of the Alignment for Marketing-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the the necessity and importance of the alignment between the marketing and supply chain process of a Company. Answer: Introduction Every product or service needs substantial amount of marketing to be successful. Marketing management deals with the proper utilization of resources and knowledge in order to successfully market the product and make it popular among the mass (Kotler 2015). On the other hand, sustainability is the ability of anything to sustain itself and exist for a long period of time, while minimizing any negative impact caused to others in the process, and maximizing the benefits. Sustainability is important in every field, and marketing and management is no exception. In todays competitive world the economic institutions aimed at profit making are aggressively competing against each other to remain ahead in the race (Carroll and Buchholtz 2014). However, in doing so they are often ignoring sustainability in their practice which is leading towards fall of the once successful businesses. Unsustainable practices also have adverse effect on environment and other businesses in the similar field. The article which is taken, Aligning the sustainable supply chain to green marketing needs: A case study covers a vast area of marketing management and implies how green marketing initiative can be implemented for a sustainable future and how the supply chain can be aligned to such needs (Brindley and Oxborrow 2014). It gives a clear understanding of sustainable marketing practice and hence the article is chosen. Discussion 5 Key Points From The Article The journal states that it is challenging for the organizations to align the green marketing requirements with the supply chain process and procurement, with precision. There is a difference between the perspective of the organization about sustainability in marketing and sustainable procurement of products. There must be a reverse information flow, which suggests that there should be feedback from the marketing team back to procurement team in order to align the sustainability goals of the organization as a whole. In the present situation the alignment of the supply chain process with the management and decision making is not proper and the marketing management has a greater scope for synchronization with the supply chain process. The recommendation of the study is to take actions to achieve stability in supply with a market position that is stable and sustainable. Discussion And Critical Assessment Of Each Key Point The journal states that it is challenging for the organizations to align the green marketing requirements with the supply chain process and procurement, with precision The supply chain is delegated with very important responsibilities which include the procurement of the goods, processing of the same and making the goods reach the point of selling in the stipulated time. The sustainable goals of the organization in terms of marketing can be implemented with ease because marketing management is to the larger extent a preplanned process. However, supply chain is a process which requires instant decision making and ever changing time schedule. In the article . A hybrid framework for the modelling and optimisation of decision problems in sustainable supply chain management the authors have pointed out that often there are multiple number of variables that give rise to constrains which are complex in nature (Sitek and Wikarek 2015). Again in the article Stakeholder pressure in sustainable supply chain management: a systematic review the authors have stated that even if the organization is aiming to develop sustainability in marketing and supply chain, the stakeholders might be a hurdle if such measures even have slightest effect on the profits. However, the authors Iyer, Srivastava and Rawwas in their article Aligning supply chain relational strategy with the market environment: Implications for operational performance has pointed out the possibilities in improving the operational and marketing goals by innovative and sustainable supply chain changes, and has included three factors of supply chain resource specificity, resource complementarity, and collaboration which shape the operational outcome (Iyer, Srivastava and Rawwas 2014). There is a difference in the perspective of the organization between sustainability in marketing, and sustainable procurement of products- There are various departments which work with cooperation in order to result in successfully achieve the desired organizational outcome. However, the different departments perceive the meaning and process of sustainability differently. The supply chain managers who has to deal with fast but efficient movement of goods in various stages perceive sustainability less important than the schedules and deadlines he has to meet. The marketing or the strategic management on the other hand gives minute attention to sustainability as they have to deal with the external players, like governmental agencies and interest groups. Hsu, Tan and Zailani (2016) have stated that the big companies are gradually shifting their manufacturing bases to the developing countries, this is resulting in economic benefits and sustainability for the emerging markets in these economies. However adverse environmental effects are also seen in many cases as these companies often flout environmental norms taking advantage of the loose law enforcement in the developing countries. Therefore, it is evident that the same organization which is helping in financial sustainability is destroying the environmental sustainability of the host nation. The same thing is pointed by the authors of the main article that is taken for study, aligning the sustainable supply chain to green marketing needs: A case study. There must be a reverse information flow- In an organization there is information flow usually from the supply chain side to the marketing side, which gives a clear picture to the marketing department about the present status of the inventory and stock according to which the marketing plan is altered. A sustainable approach of marketing includes a reverse flow of information about the market demand and feedback in the opposite direction towards the supply chain. The flow of information may include the top management, because they are the ultimate decision maker. Tschantz et al. in their article A methodology for information flow experiments (2015) has given by technical explanations, the process in which information flow can be altered and managed in the organization in various direction. The author points out that information must be prioritized according to situation. This will lead to sustainability in the business model and reduce redundant information processing. The multinational organizations are also giving emphasis on the importance of innovation in information flow, where information from the various acquisitions and subsidiaries are sending back information to the parent company to maximize benefits by a more integrated approach. The alignment of the supply chain process with the management and decision making- The authors of the main article reviewed in this paper has argued that in many cases though the supply chain process and other departments of the organization were striving to establish practices which are sustainable, there are very less customers or clients who actually know the efforts. So there is a miscommunication and difference in the marketing functions and supply chain functions. Many companies are taking initiatives to solve this gap by including the message of sustainability in their advertisements and promotional campaigns and highlighting how the organization is endeavoring to achieve sustainability. Kozlenkova et al. stated in their article The role of marketing channels in supply chain management has given a clear indication of the role of marketing channels in the process of supply chain. Marketing is basically the distribution of the products in the market from where customers will by those (Kozlenkova et al. 2015). Sustainable marketing practice includes marketing in such a way that customer retention can be done along with posing minimum damage to the environment and other businesses (Armstrong et al. 2015). The products ultimately come from the production unit which is primarily a part of supply chain process. Hence, close synchronization of the marketing team and SCM has to be there to achieve sustainability. Achieving stability in supply with a market position that is stable and sustainable- There has to be stability in supply chain in order to achieve stability in market positioning and vice versa. Stable business is also a part of sustainable business practice. The authors of Aligning the sustainable supply chain to green marketing needs: A case study has by a case study of an UK University catering service shown how the balance between the two can be achievable (Brindley and Oxborrow 2014). Better food processing system has increased the customer base which has resulted in a stable and growing business structure. Charter and Polonsky (2017) has pointed the need for more green practice, some points which are also discussed are the reduction of resources and energy in order to preserve the natural resources. Preservation is necessary to ensure the uninterrupted procurement of resources, otherwise after a period of time many industries will face scarcity of procurement due to exhaustion of natural resources. Conclusion The article Aligning the sustainable supply chain to green marketing needs: A case study has rightly highlighted a genuine issue through a relevant case study. Sustainable marketing needs to be aligned with sustainability in supply chain. The lack of cooperation among these departments may lead to a failure of the overall sustainable business growth of the organization. The authors have given some much needed light on the different perspectives of the issue but there are not enough recommendations which can be implemented as a solution to the mentioned problem. Though the journal article has righty hit the target in highlighting a gap of communication among two most important departments of an organization, there are limitations in the case study that has been taken. The case study includes catering service from a university in UK, where the environment and culture may not be similar with other situations References: Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Brindley, C. and Oxborrow, L., 2014. 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